hormone replacement therapy women :
The two types of ovarian sex hormones are the estrogens and the
progestins. By far the most important of the estrogens is the hormone
estradiol, and by far the most important progestin is progesterone. The
estrogens mainly promote proliferation and growth of specific cells in
the body that are responsible for the development of most secondary
sexual characteristics of the female. The progestins function mainly to
prepare the uterus for pregnancy and the breasts for lactation.
Estrogens
: In the normal nonpregnant female, estrogens are secreted in
significant quantities only by the ovaries, although minute amounts are
also secreted by the adrenal cortices. During pregnancy, tremendous
quantities of estrogens are also secreted by the placenta.
Secretion
of Estrogens by the Placenta : The placenta, like the corpus luteum,
secretes both estrogens and progesterone. Histochemical and
physiological studies show that these two hormones, like most other
placental hormones, are secreted by the syncytial trophoblast cells of
the placenta. the daily production of placental estrogens increases to
about 30 times the mother's normal level of production. However, the
secretion of estrogens by the placenta is quite different from secretion
by the ovaries. Most important, the estrogens secreted by the placenta
are not synthesized de novo from basic substrates in the placenta.
Instead, they are formed almost entirely from androgenic steroid
compounds, dehydroepiandrosterone and 16-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone,
which are formed both in the mother's adrenal glands and in the adrenal
glands of the fetus. These weak androgens are transported by the blood
to the placenta and converted by the trophoblast cells into estradiol,
estrone, and estriol. (The cortices of the fetal adrenal glands are
extremely large, and about 80 percent consists of a so-called fetal
zone, the primary function of which seems to be to secrete
dehydroepiandrosterone during pregnancy.)
Function of Estrogen in Pregnancy : a proliferative function on most reproductive and associated organs of the mother. During pregnancy, the extreme quantities of estrogens cause (1) enlargement of the mother's uterus, (2) enlargement of the mother's breasts and growth of the breast ductal structure, and (3) enlargement of the mother's female external genitalia.
The estrogens also relax the pelvic ligaments of the mother, so the sacroiliac joints become relatively limber and the symphysis pubis becomes elastic. These changes allow easier passage of the fetus through the birth canal. There is much reason to believe that estrogens also affect many general aspects of fetal development during pregnancy, for example, by affecting the rate of cell reproduction in the early embryo.
Secretion of Progesterone by the Placenta : The special effects of progesterone that are essential for the normal progression of pregnancy are as follows:
Progesterone causes decidual cells to develop in the uterine endometrium, and these cells play an important role in the nutrition of the early embryo.
Progesterone decreases the contractility of the pregnant uterus, thus preventing uterine contractions from causing spontaneous abortion.
Progesterone contributes to the development of the conceptus even before implantation because it specifically increases the secretions of the mother's fallopian tubes and uterus to provide appropriate nutritive matter for the developing morula (the spherical mass of 16 to 32 blastomeres formed before the blastula) and blastocyst. There is also reason to believe that progesterone affects cell cleavage in the early developing embryo.
The progesterone secreted during pregnancy helps the estrogen prepare the mother's breasts for lactation .
Homoeopathic therapeutics :
SENECIO AUREUS
Menses retarded, suppressed. Functional amenorrhea of young girls with backache. Before menses, inflammatory conditions of throat, chest, and bladder. After menstruation commences, these improve. Anemic dysmenorrhea with urinary disturbances. Premature and too profuse menses. Sleep: Great drowsiness, with unpleasant dreams. Nervousness and sleeplessness.
SEPIA
Pelvic organs relaxed. Bearing-down sensation as if everything would escape through vulva; must cross limbs to prevent protrusion, or press against vulva. Leucorrhea yellow, greenish, with much itching. Menses too late and scanty, irregular; early and profuse; sharp clutching pains. Violent stitches upward in the vagina, from uterus to umbilicus. Prolapse of uterus and vagina. Morning sickness. Vagina painful, especially on coition.
SILICEA
A milky, acrid leucorrhea, during urination. Itching of vulva and vagina; very sensitive. Discharge of blood between menstrual periods. Increased menses with paroxysms of icy coldness over whole body. Nipples very sore, ulcerated easily, drawn in. Fistulous ulcers of breast. Abscess of labia. Discharge of blood from vagina every time child is nursed. Vaginal cysts, hard lumps in breast.
Sleep: Night-walking, gets up while asleep. Sleeplessness with great orgasm of blood and heat in head. Frequent starts in sleep. Anxious dreams. Excessive gaping.
PULSATILLA
Amenorrhea. Suppressed menses from wet feet, nervous debility, or chlorosis. Tardy menses, too late, scanty, thick, dark, clotted, changeable, intermittent. Chilliness, nausea, downward pressure, painful, flow intermits. Leucorrhea acrid, burning, creamy. Pain in back; tired feeling. Diarrhea during or after menses.
NAT MUR
Menses irregular; usually profuse. Vagina dry. Leucorrhea acrid, watery. Bearing-down pains; worse in morning. Prolapsus uteri, cutting in urethra. Ineffectual labor-pains. Suppressed menses. Hot during menses.
CAULOPHYLLUM
Spasmodic and severe pains, which fly in all directions; shivering, without progress; false pains. Revives labor pains and furthers progress of labor. After pains. Leucorrhea with moth-spots on forehead. Habitual abortion from uterine debility. Needle-like pains in cervix. Dysmenorrhea, with pains flying to other parts of body. Lochia protracted; great atony. Menses and leucorrhea profuse.
CIMICIFUGA – ACTAEA RACEMOSA
Amenorrhea. Pain in ovarian region, shoots upward and down anterior surface of thighs. Pain immediately before menses. Menses profuse, dark, coagulated, offensive with backache, nervousness; always irregular. Ovarian neuralgia. Pain across pelvis, from hip to hip. After-pains, with great sensitiveness and intolerance to pain. Infra-mammary pains, worse left side. Facial blemishes in young women
BOVISTA
Women needing this remedy tend to have problems with puffiness and edema during times of menstrual stress, and can feel very awkward and clumsy. Pain may be felt in the pelvic region, often with soreness near the pubic bone. Menstrual flow increases at night (and may even be absent during the day). Diarrhea occurring at the time of the menstrual period is a strong indication for this remedy.
Menses retarded, suppressed. Functional amenorrhea of young girls with backache. Before menses, inflammatory conditions of throat, chest, and bladder. After menstruation commences, these improve. Anemic dysmenorrhea with urinary disturbances. Premature and too profuse menses. Sleep: Great drowsiness, with unpleasant dreams. Nervousness and sleeplessness.
SEPIA
Pelvic organs relaxed. Bearing-down sensation as if everything would escape through vulva; must cross limbs to prevent protrusion, or press against vulva. Leucorrhea yellow, greenish, with much itching. Menses too late and scanty, irregular; early and profuse; sharp clutching pains. Violent stitches upward in the vagina, from uterus to umbilicus. Prolapse of uterus and vagina. Morning sickness. Vagina painful, especially on coition.
SILICEA
A milky, acrid leucorrhea, during urination. Itching of vulva and vagina; very sensitive. Discharge of blood between menstrual periods. Increased menses with paroxysms of icy coldness over whole body. Nipples very sore, ulcerated easily, drawn in. Fistulous ulcers of breast. Abscess of labia. Discharge of blood from vagina every time child is nursed. Vaginal cysts, hard lumps in breast.
Sleep: Night-walking, gets up while asleep. Sleeplessness with great orgasm of blood and heat in head. Frequent starts in sleep. Anxious dreams. Excessive gaping.
PULSATILLA
Amenorrhea. Suppressed menses from wet feet, nervous debility, or chlorosis. Tardy menses, too late, scanty, thick, dark, clotted, changeable, intermittent. Chilliness, nausea, downward pressure, painful, flow intermits. Leucorrhea acrid, burning, creamy. Pain in back; tired feeling. Diarrhea during or after menses.
NAT MUR
Menses irregular; usually profuse. Vagina dry. Leucorrhea acrid, watery. Bearing-down pains; worse in morning. Prolapsus uteri, cutting in urethra. Ineffectual labor-pains. Suppressed menses. Hot during menses.
CAULOPHYLLUM
Spasmodic and severe pains, which fly in all directions; shivering, without progress; false pains. Revives labor pains and furthers progress of labor. After pains. Leucorrhea with moth-spots on forehead. Habitual abortion from uterine debility. Needle-like pains in cervix. Dysmenorrhea, with pains flying to other parts of body. Lochia protracted; great atony. Menses and leucorrhea profuse.
CIMICIFUGA – ACTAEA RACEMOSA
Amenorrhea. Pain in ovarian region, shoots upward and down anterior surface of thighs. Pain immediately before menses. Menses profuse, dark, coagulated, offensive with backache, nervousness; always irregular. Ovarian neuralgia. Pain across pelvis, from hip to hip. After-pains, with great sensitiveness and intolerance to pain. Infra-mammary pains, worse left side. Facial blemishes in young women
BOVISTA
Women needing this remedy tend to have problems with puffiness and edema during times of menstrual stress, and can feel very awkward and clumsy. Pain may be felt in the pelvic region, often with soreness near the pubic bone. Menstrual flow increases at night (and may even be absent during the day). Diarrhea occurring at the time of the menstrual period is a strong indication for this remedy.
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